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逻辑思维训练方法?

来源:www.fushi86.com  时间:2022-12-28 10:17   点击:192  编辑:admin   手机版

逻辑思维是人们在认识事物的过程中,借助于概念、判断、推理等思维形式来反映客观现实的理性认识过程。基本的逻辑思维方法包括:抽象与概括、分析与综合,归纳与演绎,对比,原因与结果。

定义

逻辑思维,百度百科的定义是:“是人的理性认识阶段,人运用概念、判断、推理等思维类型反映事物本质与规律的认识过程。”通俗点说,逻辑思维是建立在因果关系之上的,反映客观现实的思维方式。

逻辑思维具有规范、严密、确定和可重复的特点。

方法

分析和综合

分析指的是,把事物分解为各个部分、侧面、属性,分别加以研究,分析是认识事物整体的必要阶段。

综合则是把事物各个部分、侧面、属性按内在联系有机地统一为整体,以掌握事物的本质和规律。

分析和综合是互相渗透和转化的,在分析基础上综合,在综合指导下分析,分析与综合,循环往复,推动认识的深化和发展。

例如:证明两线段相等

综合法思路:已知条件→三角形全等或平行四边形→对应边或对边相等(线段相等)。

分析法思路:对应边或对边相等(线段相等)→三角形全等或平行四边形→已知条件。

归纳和演绎

归纳和演绎是认知事物和思考的逻辑法则。

简单通俗来说:归纳就是把具备某种相同属性的事物,一一列举出来,然后寻找共通点。

演绎法

演绎就是把互相之间形成影响的因素,按照事物因果顺序、时间先后顺序,重要程度顺序排列出来,再寻找突破口。

太极生两仪,两仪生四象,四象生八卦,这是演绎(由太极开始,向后递推的顺序)。

演绎推理的主要形式是“三段论”,由大前提、小前提、结论三部分组成。

大前提是已知的一般原理;

小前提是研究的特殊场合;

结论是将特殊场合归到一般原理之下得出的新知识。例如:

大前提:鸟都会飞;小前提:我是鸟;结论:所以我会飞。

归纳法

龙生龙,凤生凤,老鼠的儿子会打洞,这是归纳(龙,风,老鼠各为一类)。分析若干不同事物(思想、事件、事实)的主要特点,找出其中的共性、共同点,然后将其归类到同一个组中,并说明其共性。

抽象与概括

抽象

抽象是对同类事物中抽取出共同的、本质性的特征,舍弃其非本质的属性或特征的思维过程。

概括

概括指的是人脑在比较和抽象的基础上,把抽象出来的事物的共同本质特征综合起来,并推广到同类事物上的思维过程。

总结

抽象的过程往往是从多到一的过程,最后呈现的形式也是以“关键词”的方式,突出本质属性。而概括的过程最后呈现的都是一句完整表述本质属性的句子。

练习

1、认识到“鸟是一种有羽毛的,无齿有喙前肢为翼的动物”这是思维的( )过程。

A.具体化 B.抽象 C.概括 D.分析

解析:C。该题综合呈现了鸟的所有本质的属性,因此属于概括过程。

2、对乌鸦、企鹅、麻雀、鸵鸟等进行分析比较后,得出“羽毛”、“动物”、“前肢为翼”、“无齿有喙”是共同本质的属性,“飞”是非本质属性。这是思维的( )过程。

A.具体化 B.抽象 C.概括 D.分析

解析:B。该题从多个事物中,抽取出了鸟的本质属性是“羽毛”、“动物”、“前肢为翼”、“无齿有喙”,找到了鸟的特征。属于抽象的过程。

4. 分类和比较

分类

是指根据事物的共同性与差异性,把事物分类。具有相同属性的事物归入一类。具有不同属性的事物归入不同类。

比较

比较就是比较两个或两类事物的共同点和差异点,通过比较就能更好地认识事物的本质。

除了上述的逻辑思考方法,比较常见的还有对比(求同、存异)和因果两种,相对比较容易理解。逻辑性强的人,善于解构任务,化繁为简,剔除无用信息, 能用更短的时间解决更多的事情。所以,我们要利用方式和方法锻炼和提高逻辑思维。

提高逻辑思维

“PREP+A”的逻辑

P(Point,观点/论点),R(Reason,原因/理由/根据),E(Example,实例/例证),P(Point),A(Action,行动)。

在正式的谈话、讲演、文案中,一般可以遵循下面的逻辑/步骤:

P:首先,简洁明了的表明自己的观点/论点/主张,也就是你在说什么、你想要表达什么。

R:其次,说出支持你结论的“依据”,也就是回答 你凭什么这样认为,是基于哪种事实和解释?

E:再者,用实际的例证(资料、数据、个人例子等)来提高你结论或观点的说服力。

P:最后重复结论,确保自己想传达的信息,已确实传递。

A:行动就是你希望对方怎么做(根据实际需要,一把可以省略)。

小结:简单来讲,这个模式就是先从结论说起,再说明得出结论的理由及根据,然后举出具体事例佐证,最后再强调一次结论 。

掌握思维框架

如何去设计一个框架,这个方法来自元学习领域的相关知识,这些元学习领域的相关知识如下:

工作记忆、长时记忆、组块、提取、存储、必要难度、间隔效应、表征、初级表征、次级表征、心理表征、记忆、线索、遗忘曲线、图式、模式、联系、刻意练习、自我生成、详细阐述、分散练习、框架法。

举一个例子来区分一下,工作记忆与长时记,比如记住一个姓名:【xxx],默默5遍后可以记住这个名字,只不过这个姓名是在工作记忆里边。工作记忆不能被长时的保存,是一种临时的记忆。此时,从大脑里提取这个姓名,就是从工作记忆中直接提取出来。

隔了一会儿,再去提取“刚才记住在工作记忆”的姓名,再也提取不出来了。工作记忆,早已被新的内容刷空,如果“长时记忆”里边有记住这个姓名,我们就能从长时记忆里边把这个姓名提取到工作记忆。可惜的是,遗憾的是,长时记忆里边没有塑造出这个记忆。或者说长时记忆虽然保存了这个记忆,却提取不出来。

现在要利用元学习领域的知识来建立一个逻辑思维的框架,这个逻辑思维的框架是针对逻辑学而言,这就涉及到逻辑学领域的相关基础知识了。逻辑学领域的基础知识,个人提炼出来一些核心而又基础的概念,如下:属性、性质属性、关系属性、概念、内涵、外延、定义、划分、判断、假设Assumption、假定Hypothesis、推理、论证。

比如:以词语“人”作为切入点,通过词语“人”去衔接“属性、本质属性、概念、内涵、外延、划分、判断、推理、论证”。如何从一个词语“人”贯通整个逻辑框架呢?

人这个词语对应的概念--->概念对应外部世界的一类事物----->从一类事物之中“抽象、抽取”出属性--->本质属性---->概念、内涵、定义、外延、划分---->判断---->推理------>论证!

这些基础的概念之间是有联系的,刚开始学习逻辑学时,这些基础的概念在自己的大脑里是碎片化的、是分立的,是没法被联系起来。

东一处、西一处、南一处、北一处,各个概念之间缺乏联系,对逻辑学的认知就是以一些碎片的认知,不能拼成一个框架,缺乏一个框架把各个概念联系起来。

经典的模型

有人说“思维模型是你大脑中用于做决策的工具箱,你拥有的工具越多,你就能够做出正确的决策”,所以大家可以多学习经典思维模型,帮助自己做出正确的决策。

自我提问练习

在日常生活中,无论是看到、听到或读到一些关于重要信息或者让你有触动的信息时,都可以通过一些刻意的自我提问来锻炼自己的思维。比如读到一个观点时,就可以这样问自己:作者为什么会从这个角度切入?作者是如何形成这个结论?这个结论有什么缺点?如果我来写如何可以更好?

写作练习

可以每天拿一张纸,就写一个问题,然后我们再用树形结构逻辑思维,来对这个问题进行分析。用不同的角度,不同的视野,看看是否有新的想法,把这些东西再整理起来,先不要思考太多,想到一个问题就直接写。不能拖延。我们只要追寻自己原始的感受,不用想得很复杂,想到什么就直接写什么,别犹豫不决。培养这种树形结构逻辑思维,最忌讳的就是,原地兜圈子,因为这样会做无用功。

做结构笔记

结构式笔记主要是指:用思维导图搭建全书的框架架构。 将全书的内容浓缩在这一张图里,有利于我们迅速抓住重点,在日常思维导图的制作过程中,可以利用工具:XMIND,如果你有输出的需求,可以购买一个会员,如果只是想自己做完保存,也可以不购买会员。

使用思维导图

思维导图就是一种工具,可以利用有效图形来协助我们的思维表达的实用性工具,可以帮助我们发散思维,理清思路。当接到一个任务时,先要做的不应该是立马执行,而是先思考。因为有时候如果不思考,就会弄不清楚方向,就会挖掘不出甲方的真实需求。这时候我们就要打开思维导图,开始逻辑的分散性思考。

常见好用的思维导图工具有很多,比如:

亿图脑图MindMaster:强烈推荐,简单好用高颜值,模板社区10W+模板内容;

MindManager:推荐,思维导图老大哥,兼容Microsoft office,试用限制30天;

幕布:较推荐,极简风大纲笔记一键生成思维导图,较长时间无更新维护;

xmind:推荐,商业思维导图软件,高颜值+做图稳定,但没有提供在线版和云服务;

MindLine思维导图:较推荐,轻量级思维导图软件,功能较简约但界面缺乏设计感。

导图的用法

比如,一次会议可以分三个阶段。

第一个阶段,大家畅所欲言,发散思维,用思维导图把大家的想法用树状图画出来。

第二个阶段,评估想法。发现不同想法之间的联系,而且把有联系的想法用线条连接起来。

第三个阶段,集中思维,形成决议。把讨论中淘汰的想法都删除划掉,剩下的想法,分出主次和执行顺序,整理好开始执行。

个人的想法过程也一样。

实用主义的思维导图一定是杂乱的,画满了各种连线、重点符号、划掉符号,就像草稿纸一样。

花哨的装饰和美观的外表未必实用,真正的武器身上一定伤痕累累。

注意事项:

① 清楚制图目的

做思维导图之前,一定要弄清楚自己制图的目的是什么?是为了自己梳理思路还是交付于别人传播。如果是用于分享,就需要有一些设计思维。如果是帮助自己梳理思路,那么就不需要美观度上花去过多的时间。

② 信息传递

记住做思维导图重要的是梳理思维,视觉传达为辅助,帮助记忆,因此不能本末倒置,花过多的时间在视觉美化上面。

③ 语言要精炼

一张思维导图可以承载的信息毕竟有限,我们要学会深度理解信息、适当加工,尽量用明确、精炼的语言去传达。

④ 日常积累素材库

我们要在日常工作中不断累积建立好自己的素材库,可以是图标库、图片库、字体库、配色库、模型参考库等等,这样能够有效提高自己的作图效率。

%3Chowto_content%3E[{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"is_abstract":true},"children":[{"type":"text","text":"逻辑思维是人们在认识事物的过程中,借助于概念、判断、推理等思维形式来反映客观现实的理性认识过程。基本的逻辑思维方法包括:抽象与概括、分析与综合,归纳与演绎,对比,原因与结果。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnqWSa2UyME4cyK26SNljf8e"},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"level":1},"children":[{"type":"text","text":"定义","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcn82Iu6wCqCYaCsVDdm0Vuaf"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"逻辑思维,百度百科的定义是:“是人的理性认识阶段,人运用概念、判断、推理等思维类型反映事物本质与规律的认识过程。”通俗点说,逻辑思维是建立在因果关系之上的,反映客观现实的思维方式。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnA0MwKoAee6uiABzfa7Ir1f"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"逻辑思维具有规范、严密、确定和可重复的特点。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcngCeAqMGSGoKuoLXkNHCTnf"},{"type":"image","attrs":{"height":284,"note":[{"type":"text","text":"定义","id":""}],"url":"},"text":"","id":"doxcnw44Y6qIaGwI8cplGbIF5Wd"},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"level":1},"children":[{"type":"text","text":"方法","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnsM8kiy2ecuIWiCkmmuvcrc"},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"level":2},"children":[{"type":"text","text":"分析和综合","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcny2yeseEcm8WeGDxIhX2fsb"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"分析指的是,把事物分解为各个","id":""},{"type":"text","text":"部分、侧面、属性","id":""},{"type":"text","text":",分别加以研究,分析是认识事物整体的必要阶段。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnCo2Mq6au8kgcA5EeeTncZb"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"综合则是把事物各个部分、侧面、属性按内在联系有机地统一为整体","id":""},{"type":"text","text":",以掌握事物的本质和规律。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcn8Ksuq0I0ICGeoVkpyXTZHf"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"分析和综合是互相渗透和转化的,在分析基础上综合,在综合指导下分析,分析与综合,循环往复,推动认识的深化和发展。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnYSuKO4qemYeysbM7i8qLHe"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"strong"}],"text":"例如:证明两线段相等","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcn0mEUye0ekuoaCuROifHjpd"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"综合法思路:已知条件→三角形全等或平行四边形→对应边或对边相等(线段相等)。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnKiayookcYYK8b0HNc7hqL3"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"分析法思路:对应边或对边相等(线段相等)→三角形全等或平行四边形→已知条件。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnYqA2iyA8s8EqyiKun2GYrb"},{"type":"image","attrs":{"height":500,"note":[{"type":"text","text":"分析和综合","id":""}],"url":"},"text":"","id":"doxcnocum8c4aeekKiSucOfoEVd"},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"level":2},"children":[{"type":"text","text":"归纳和演绎","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnsu8ikc0s4A6a6vSyQVMXXe"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"归纳和演绎是认知事物和思考的逻辑法则。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnUEySU8qCkgyYawx03MkwQf"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"简单通俗来说:归纳就是把具备某种相同属性的事物,一一列举出来,然后寻找共通点。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcn8o0wMYE2S8kG4Si6W1ICYc"},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"level":3},"children":[{"type":"text","text":"演绎法","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnGSiiycSICcIgtUDHEoQYn7"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"演绎就是把互相之间形成影响的因素,按照事物因果顺序、时间先后顺序,重要程度顺序排列出来,再寻找突破口。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnQ6SkKsuYqUAyGwZerraVSe"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"太极生两仪,两仪生四象,四象生八卦,这是演绎(由太极开始,向后递推的顺序)。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcn6gGYIiIsa8oCGYPyVGh0Gh"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"strong"}],"text":"演绎推理的主要形式是“三段论”,由大前提、小前提、结论三部分组成。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnCmaAeSCe46sGyq0THpYUQf"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"大前提是已知的一般原理;","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnqiyWYoKAqa4suGhwX7Bp2g"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"小前提是研究的特殊场合;","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnI8CK0688I6u28JMZMLr69d"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"结论是将特殊场合归到一般原理之下得出的新知识。例如:","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnuSU2a4C488ggOygKpWuB9g"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"大前提:鸟都会飞;小前提:我是鸟;结论:所以我会飞。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcn0ccISgMO2CkwiIXx0X0aNh"},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"level":3},"children":[{"type":"text","text":"归纳法","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnkaS2GGcy8yoaMZW0abkfAc"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"龙生龙,凤生凤,老鼠的儿子会打洞,这是归纳(龙,","id":""},{"type":"text","text":"风","id":""},{"type":"text","text":",老鼠各为一类)。分析若干不同事物(思想、事件、事实)的主要特点,找出其中的共性、共同点,然后将其归类到同一个组中,并说明其共性。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnGucoWKOc6qySqVjoTDxsoo"},{"type":"image","attrs":{"height":350,"note":[{"type":"text","text":"归纳法","id":""}],"url":"},"text":"","id":"doxcnogcwqoyc8i8OKm1aTBb0yg"},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"level":2},"children":[{"type":"text","text":"抽象与概括","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnOC6kWc6AIGGSvZAEbR9GGa"},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"level":3},"children":[{"type":"text","text":"抽象","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnwIQ4WmCSwUewiElwiFYxQe"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"抽象是对同类事物中抽取出共同的、本质性的特征,舍弃其非本质的属性或特征的思维过程。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnwMsUo0qAIKGqyYhpJwj1Rc"},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"level":3},"children":[{"type":"text","text":"概括","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnuuKsmOM4GYa8KkaGLC4TWc"},{"type":"paragraph","chi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)过程。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnoIMKy4mEqaC6UzFzxf8U6d"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"A.具体化 B.抽象 C.概括 D.分析","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnWqWAI8AEgYOCskG04Lr8kF"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"解析:C。该题综合呈现了鸟的所有本质的属性,因此属于概括过程。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnsuiIaKIM4s06c3a3GLrMXb"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"2、对乌鸦、企鹅、麻雀、鸵鸟等进行分析比较后,得出“羽毛”、“动物”、“前肢为翼”、“无齿有喙”是共同本质的属性,“飞”是非本质属性。这是思维的( )过程。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcn4QAIiWq2AGws4dm3uwwUlb"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"A.具体化 B.抽象 C.概括 D.分析","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnKsqESgGCK0oQ4YXuKSunmd"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"解析:B。该题从多个事物中,抽取出了鸟的本质属性是“羽毛”、“动物”、“前肢为翼”、“无齿有喙”,找到了鸟的特征。属于抽象的过程。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnekSGeUsuoCkU2jBdyAus6e"},{"type":"image","attrs":{"height":624,"note":[{"type":"text","text":"练习","id":""}],"url":"},"text":"","id":"doxcnuMyIwagwO6YGiO2uoQKzMe"},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"level":2},"children":[{"type":"text","text":"4. 分类和比较","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcne4EEiKCqiIsoiGyFDTUCZf"},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"level":3},"children":[{"type":"text","text":"分类","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnkIO8moqWqQEgERuvJEfzpf"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"是指根据事物的共同性与差异性,把事物分类。具有相同属性的事物归入一类。具有不同属性的事物归入不同类。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcn8QsU8awWs844oz0qV0j5Fb"},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"level":3},"children":[{"type":"text","text":"比较","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnyo4SQIwoEsI4eY36vXPkmb"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"比较就是比较两个或两类事物的共同点和差异点,通过比较就能更好地认识事物的本质。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnq8GyC8ka4UaAcLQ4fKMNsg"},{"type":"image","attrs":{"height":302,"note":[{"type":"text","text":"比较","id":""}],"url":"},"text":"","id":"doxcnIWYMEk2mwgOeuoa3URyCGf"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"除了上述的逻辑思考方法,比较常见的还有对比(求同、存异)和因果两种,相对比较容易理解。逻辑性强的人,善于解构任务,化繁为简,剔除无用信息, 能用更短的时间解决更多的事情。所以,我们要利用方式和方法锻炼和提高逻辑思维。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnMs6CSW6cIqsWpf1gttX3IH"},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"level":1},"children":[{"type":"text","text":"提高逻辑思维","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnSkcoSwQeC4isYF7fZSKCgd"},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"level":2},"children":[{"type":"text","text":"“PREP+A”的逻辑","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnEAesIyKM0WmCGgjJRA7azf"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"P(Point,观点/论点),R(Reason,原因/理由/根据),E(Example,实例/例证),P(Point),A(Action,行动)。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcn884McSui8qkoq8YTNwjEve"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"在正式的谈话、讲演、文案中,一般可以遵循下面的逻辑/步骤:","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnueAmiumwQomMeQANJNxGVe"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"P:首先,简洁明了的表明自己的观点/论点/主张,也就是你在说什么、你想要表达什么。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcngqSIgoqOOoEiQXax3I04Ug"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"R:其次,说出支持你结论的“依据”,也就是回答 你凭什么这样认为,是基于哪种事实和解释?","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnCeSko0OGiiEqWcVnNdWaYf"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"E:再者,用实际的例证(资料、数据、个人例子等)来提高你结论或观点的说服力。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnYO8qyAs4OmQEacnmUYGCig"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"P:最后重复结论,确保自己想传达的信息,已确实传递。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnQkMAuUgQgMq6CIU2yPiyld"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"A:行动就是你希望对方怎么做(根据实际需要,","id":""},{"type":"text","text":"一把","id":""},{"type":"text","text":"可以省略)。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnKIgqYEASCGUKOFWTZ5P11l"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"小结:简单来讲,这个模式就是先从结论说起,再说明得出结论的理由及根据,然后举出具体事例佐证,最后再强调一次结论 。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnGaAakkig0i8a6NlNG1GeEc"},{"type":"image","attrs":{"height":1181,"note":[{"type":"text","text":"“PREP+A”的逻辑","id":""}],"url":"},"text":"","id":"doxcnmAkogCYsAqwSs7n7STOApf"},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"level":2},"children":[{"type":"text","text":"掌握思维框架","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnEkOy4i6G0IaMuqXJnwJmSf"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"如何去设计一个框架,这个方法来","id":""},{"type":"text","text":"自元","id":""},{"type":"text","text":"学习领域的相关知识,这些元学习领域的相关知识如下:","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcn8sooEGySOCwesvMkX6W8qd"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"工作记忆、长时记忆、组块、提取、存储、必要难度、间隔效应、表征、初级表征、次级表征、心理表征、记忆、线索、遗忘曲线、图式、模式、联系、刻意练习、自我生成、详细阐述、分散练习、框架法。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnO0cIgI40C8C4iCLHQdGwzb"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"举一个例子来区分一下,工作记忆与长时记,比如记住一个姓名:【xxx],默默5遍后可以记住这个名字,只不过这个姓名是在工作记忆里边。工作记忆不能被长时的保存,是一种临时的记忆。此时,从大脑里提取这个姓名,就是从工作记忆中直接提取出来。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcngyQYG20yQEWaEbLIC7t63e"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"隔了一会儿,再去提取“刚才记住在工作记忆”的姓名,再也提取不出来了。工作记忆,早已被新的内容刷空,如果“长时记忆”里边有记住这个姓名,我们就能从长时记忆里边把这个姓名提取到工作记忆。可惜的是,遗憾的是,长时记忆里边没有塑造出这个记忆。或者说长时记忆虽然保存了这个记忆,却提取不出来。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnQOCy2EAkkOusiaodWslbse"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnaoea6MMmG0iiSKaiyjBNsb"},{"type":"image","attrs":{"height":256,"note":[{"type":"text","text":"掌握思维框架","id":""}],"url":"},"text":"","id":"doxcnEIwCqmWW0GesA3HrUH4Khc"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"现在要利用元学习领域的知识来建立一个逻辑思维的框架,这个逻辑思维的框架是针对逻辑学而言,这就涉及到逻辑学领域的相关基础知识了。逻辑学领域的基础知识,个人提炼出来一些核心而又基础的概念,如下:","id":""},{"type":"text","text":"属性、性质属性、关系属性、概念、内涵、外延、定义、划分、判断、假设Assumption、假定Hypothesis、推理、论证。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnS4sYcw2YyUSGraIJHhOyxS"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"比如:以词语“人”作为切入点,通过词语“人”去衔接“属性、本质属性、概念、内涵、外延、划分、判断、推理、论证”。如何从一个词语“人”贯通整个逻辑框架呢?","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnu6yG8QOWoiOY2ZUmpNt3mf"},{"type":"image","attrs":{"height":373,"note":[{"type":"text","text":"掌握思维框架","id":""}],"url":"},"text":"","id":"doxcncG44IEugGcuAuwShlT7cve"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"人这个词语对应的概念---\u003e概念对应外部世界的一类事物-----\u003e从一类事物之中“抽象、抽取”出属性---\u003e本质属性----\u003e概念、内涵、定义、外延、划分----\u003e判断----\u003e推理------\u003e论证!","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnC42IY0UWcGgCEr7LlfBY0b"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"这些基础的概念之间是有联系的,刚开始学习逻辑学时,这些基础的概念在自己的大脑里是碎片化的、是分立的,是没法被联系起来。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnu60GwaycmsAgaozVXMxeXe"},{"type":"image","attrs":{"height":234,"note":[{"type":"text","text":"掌握思维框架","id":""}],"url":"},"text":"","id":"doxcnkUCqSCAWqY0Kmk8lEn6tle"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"东一处、西一处、南一处、北一处,各个概念之间缺乏联系,对逻辑学的认知就是以一些碎片的认知,不能拼成一个框架,缺乏一个框架把各个概念联系起来。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcneykUYa46y4OuOSO1amG2Qd"},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"level":2},"children":[{"type":"text","text":"经典的模型","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcna6YsG86Gui6qgFUDHiBAAX"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"有人说“思维模型是你大脑中用于做决策的工具箱,你拥有的工具越多,你就能够做出正确的决策”,所以大家可以多学习经典思维模型,帮助自己做出正确的决策。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnICseU24aiE0q0yPqoazW3P"},{"type":"image","attrs":{"height":753,"note":[{"type":"text","text":"经典的模型","id":""}],"url":"},"text":"","id":"doxcn0iM8A0MggiUgUVGq5cU01e"},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"level":2},"children":[{"type":"text","text":"自我提问练习","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnKeg8GqcCK0sYK6ASAPapCe"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"在日常生活中,无论是看到、听到或读到一些关于重要信息或者让你有触动的信息时,都可以通过一些刻意的自我提问来锻炼自己的思维。比如读到一个观点时,就可以这样问自己:作者为什么会从这个角度切入?作者是如何形成这个结论?这个结论有什么缺点?如果我来写如何可以更好?","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcn4mQGGWmEASmOkj0xApcoOf"},{"type":"image","attrs":{"height":400,"note":[{"type":"text","text":"自我提问练习","id":""}],"url":"},"text":"","id":"doxcnAmgAMsu2Os28qMxoB0isUb"},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"level":2},"children":[{"type":"text","text":"写作练习","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnm8SKaw6Ki6SCsxlYDcMRod"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"可以每天拿一张纸,就写一个问题,然后我们再用树形结构逻辑思维,来对这个问题进行分析。用不同的角度,不同的视野,看看是否有新的想法,把这些东西再整理起来,先不要思考太多,想到一个问题就直接写。不能拖延。我们只要追寻自己原始的感受,不用想得很复杂,想到什么就直接写什么,别犹豫不决。培养这种树形结构逻辑思维,最忌讳的就是,原地兜圈子,因为这样会做无用功。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnYMCcY46uY2IiwR0WJK2V1f"},{"type":"image","attrs":{"height":500,"note":[{"type":"text","text":"写作练习","id":""}],"url":"},"text":"","id":"doxcnyO6O8gCi0ASyO0euiD8URc"},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"level":2},"children":[{"type":"text","text":"做结构笔记","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnGUWGiYYu6euiOqxuaQkSic"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"结构式笔记主要是指:用思维导图搭建全书的框架架构。 将全书的内容浓缩在这一张图里,有利于我们迅速抓住重点,在日常思维导图的制作过程中,可以利用工具:XMIND,如果你有输出的需求,可以购买一个会员,如果只是想自己做完保存,也可以不购买会员。 ","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcn2mkEYWocOseSszsBmk1ZJg"},{"type":"image","attrs":{"height":669,"note":[{"type":"text","text":"做结构笔记","id":""}],"url":"},"text":"","id":"doxcnGaiSaooKcmo8V4WOeVZuvH"},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"level":2},"children":[{"type":"text","text":"使用思维导图","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcneCamCykKyMEaEjnUFczAkb"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"思维导图就是一种工具,可以利用有效图形来协助我们的思维表达的实用性工具,可以帮助我们发散思维,理清思路。当接到一个任务时,先要做的不应该是立马执行,而是先思考。因为有时候如果不思考,就会弄不清楚方向,就会挖掘不出甲方的真实需求。这时候我们就要打开思维导图,开始逻辑的分散性思考。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnWwOaKE4uI8AIaS0BtvSOOd"},{"type":"image","attrs":{"height":365,"note":[{"type":"text","text":"使用思维导图","id":""}],"url":"},"text":"","id":"doxcn6aYwm8WSWoOyuQRsjzCpmb"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"常见好用的思维导图工具有很多,比如:","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcneq0sQy6yWEoggpUaEXjGoe"},{"type":"image","attrs":{"height":192,"note":[{"type":"text","text":"使用思维导图","id":""}],"url":"},"text":"","id":"doxcns4QSyumSSikUAbURkpmHld"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"亿图脑图MindMaster:强烈推荐,简单好用高颜值,模板社区10W+模板内容;","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnaE0iqAYQEuUoucsyV5MXhe"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"MindManager:推荐,思维导图老大哥,兼容Microsoft office,试用限制30天;","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnU2YcC4isk2WgAfphP6xpCb"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"幕布:较推荐,极简风大纲笔记一键生成思维导图,较长时间无更新维护;","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnK0c8ykok4OGm2V8oVsG2ie"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"xmind:推荐,商业思维导图软件,高颜值+做图稳定,但没有提供在线版和云服务;","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnEOmOAI8UyG6IMNkMgoC2vh"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"MindLine思维导图:较推荐,轻量级思维导图软件,功能较简约但界面缺乏设计感。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnWKaw020u4qmaC6qxjBrPmX"},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"level":3},"children":[{"type":"text","text":"导图的用法","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnKccSeYIk4UC0oD9QQEh6Hd"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"比如,一次会议可以分三个阶段。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcniSeoiGewMamuc72tw7BJKc"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"第一个阶段,大家畅所欲言,发散思维,用思维导图把大家的想法用树状图画出来。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcngMQwmMKOuKg4Y5iWCgiqUe"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"第二个阶段,评估想法。发现不同想法之间的联系,而且把有联系的想法用线条连接起来。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcniuK8oskUKuGe4gs49QmdZb"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"第三个阶段,集中思维,形成决议。把讨论中淘汰的想法都删除划掉,剩下的想法,分出主次和执行顺序,整理好开始执行。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcn2gk02KyW862q2fLvdoT4Md"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"个人的想法过程也一样。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnK24qyYqGMwWsR9CvSP7Jnz"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"实用主义的思维导图一定是杂乱的,画满了各种连线、重点符号、划掉符号,就像草稿纸一样。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnwQ60gQ4mGiMqYZvHtGLzU9"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"花哨的装饰和美观的外表未必实用,真正的武器身上一定伤痕累累。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnAAkomCwOsEequentebvW3e"},{"type":"image","attrs":{"height":311,"note":[{"type":"text","text":"导图的用法","id":""}],"url":"},"text":"","id":"doxcng4QkE4K8QUG8AnSsikHc1d"},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"level":3},"children":[{"type":"text","text":"注意事项:","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcniwqigWIGCCsOS8jdrG1nuh"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"strong"}],"text":"① 清楚制图目的","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcneoKcKqmIUAeyA1iS2WWPBf"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"做思维导图之前,一定要弄清楚自己制图的目的是什么?是为了自己梳理思路还是交付于别人传播。如果是用于分享,就需要有一些设计思维。如果是帮助自己梳理思路,那么就不需要美观度上花去过多的时间。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnq4ucCGmcigUQc83kQstspb"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"strong"}],"text":"② 信息传递","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnq2WSC4oEQUuqoVIeTYiuM8"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"记住做思维导图重要的是梳理思维,视觉传达为辅助,帮助记忆,因此不能本末倒置,花过多的时间在视觉美化上面。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcn6EUqUmkIggSm6CvZeSUcQh"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"strong"}],"text":"③ 语言要精炼","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnmEESWIy4ykwIuOjD305Syg"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"一张思维导图可以承载的信息毕竟有限,我们要学会深度理解信息、适当加工,尽量用明确、精炼的语言去传达。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnS4QwasyIwm6msH8s3X6bVg"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"strong"}],"text":"④ 日常积累素材库","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcn2wgcsm22eUW023BrFGuPGb"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"我们要在日常工作中不断累积建立好自己的素材库,可以是图标库、图片库、字体库、配色库、模型参考库等等,这样能够有效提高自己的作图效率。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnAamQcqeMoesgkHoc9dTtkf"}]%3C%2Fhowto_content%3E

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